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  Music Moves Brain To Pay Attention, Study Finds

ScienceDaily (Aug. 5, 2007) ? Using brain images of people listening to
short symphonies by an obscure 18th-century composer, a research team
from the Stanford University School of Medicine has gained valuable
insight into how the brain sorts out the chaotic world around it.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
/See also:/
*Mind & Brain* </news/mind_brain/>

    * Perception </news/mind_brain/perception/>
    * Brain Injury </news/mind_brain/brain_injury/>
    * Intelligence </news/mind_brain/intelligence/>

*Matter & Energy* </news/matter_energy/>

    * Acoustics </news/matter_energy/acoustics/>
    * Medical Technology </news/matter_energy/medical_technology/>
    * Sports Science </news/matter_energy/sports_science/>

*Reference* </articles/>

    * Functional neuroimaging </articles/f/functional_neuroimaging.htm>
    * Cognitive neuroscience </articles/c/cognitive_neuroscience.htm>
    * Music </articles/m/music.htm>
    * Memory </articles/m/memory.htm>

The research team showed that music engages the areas of the brain
involved with paying attention, making predictions and updating the
event in memory. Peak brain activity occurred during a short period of
silence between musical movements - when seemingly nothing was happening.

Beyond understanding the process of listening to music, their work has
far-reaching implications for how human brains sort out events in general.

The researchers caught glimpses of the brain in action using functional
magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, which gives a dynamic image showing
which parts of the brain are working during a given activity. The goal
of the study was to look at how the brain sorts out events, but the
research also revealed that musical techniques used by composers 200
years ago help the brain organize incoming information.

"In a concert setting, for example, different individuals listen to a
piece of music with wandering attention, but at the transition point
between movements, their attention is arrested," said the paper's senior
author Vinod Menon, PhD, associate professor of psychiatry and
behavioral sciences and of neurosciences.

"I'm not sure if the baroque composers would have thought of it in this
way, but certainly from a modern neuroscience perspective, our study
shows that this is a moment when individual brains respond in a tightly
synchronized manner," Menon said.

The team used music to help study the brain's attempt to make sense of
the continual flow of information the real world generates, a process
called event segmentation. The brain partitions information into
meaningful chunks by extracting information about beginnings, endings
and the boundaries between events.

"These transitions between musical movements offer an ideal setting to
study the dynamically changing landscape of activity in the brain during
this segmentation process," said Devarajan Sridharan, a neurosciences
graduate student trained in Indian percussion and first author of the
article.

No previous study, to the researchers' knowledge, has directly addressed
the question of event segmentation in the act of hearing and,
specifically, in music. To explore this area, the team chose pieces of
music that contained several movements, which are self-contained
sections that break a single work into segments. They chose eight
symphonies by the English late-baroque period composer William Boyce
(1711-79), because his music has a familiar style but is not widely
recognized, and it contains several well-defined transitions between
relatively short movements.

The study focused on movement transitions - when the music slows down,
is punctuated by a brief silence and begins the next movement. These
transitions span a few seconds and are obvious to even a non-musician -
an aspect critical to their study, which was limited to participants
with no formal music training.

The researchers attempted to mimic the everyday activity of listening to
music, while their subjects were lying prone inside the large, noisy
chamber of an MRI machine. Ten men and eight women entered the MRI
scanner with noise-reducing headphones, with instructions to simply
listen passively to the music.

In the analysis of the participants' brain scans, the researchers
focused on a 10-second window before and after the transition between
movements. They identified two distinct neural networks involved in
processing the movement transition, located in two separate areas of the
brain. They found what they called a "striking" difference between
activity levels in the right and left sides of the brain during the
entire transition, with the right side significantly more active.

In this foundational study, the researchers conclude that dynamic
changes seen in the fMRI scans reflect the brain's evolving responses to
different phases of a symphony. An event change - the movement
transition signaled by the termination of one movement, a brief pause,
followed by the initiation of a new movement - activates the first
network, called the ventral fronto-temporal network. Then a second
network, the dorsal fronto-parietal network, turns the spotlight of
attention to the change and, upon the next event beginning, updates
working memory.

"The study suggests one possible adaptive evolutionary purpose of
music," said Jonathan Berger, PhD, professor of music and a musician who
is another co-author of the study. Music engages the brain over a period
of time, he said, and the process of listening to music could be a way
that the brain sharpens its ability to anticipate events and sustain
attention.

According to the researchers, their findings expand on previous
functional brain imaging studies of anticipation, which is at the heart
of the musical experience. Even non-musicians are actively engaged, at
least subconsciously, in tracking the ongoing development of a musical
piece, and forming predictions about what will come next. Typically in
music, when something will come next is known, because of the music's
underlying pulse or rhythm, but what will occur next is less known, they
said.

Having a mismatch between what listeners expect to hear vs. what they
actually hear - for example, if an unrelated chord follows an ongoing
harmony - triggers similar ventral regions of the brain. Once activated,
that region partitions the deviant chord as a different segment with
distinct boundaries.

The results of the study "may put us closer to solving the cocktail
party problem - how it is that we are able to follow one conversation in
a crowded room of many conversations," said one of the co-authors,
Daniel Levitin, PhD, associate professor of psychology and music from
McGill University, who has written a popular book called This Is Your
Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession.

These findings will be published in the Aug. 2 issue of Neuron.

Chris Chafe, PhD, the Duca Family Professor of Music at Stanford, also
contributed to this work. This research was supported by grants from the
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the
National Science Foundation, the Ben and A. Jess Shenson Fund, the
National Institutes of Health and a Stanford graduate fellowship. The
fMRI analysis was performed at the Stanford Cognitive and Systems
Neuroscience Laboratory.

/Adapted from materials provided by Stanford University Medical Center
<http://med.stanford.edu/>/.

Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the
following formats:
APA

MLA
Stanford University Medical Center (2007, August 5). Music Moves Brain
To Pay Attention, Study Finds. /ScienceDaily/. Retrieved January 16,
2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2007/08/070801122226.htm


/Still image from an animated clip of a subject's fMRI illustrating how
cognitive activity increases in anticipation of the transition points
between movements. (Credit: Image courtesy of Stanford University
Medical Center)/
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